Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil, and transport them up as xylem sap.

During photosynthesis, leaves take in CO₂ and expel O₂ and H₂O through stomata.

The loss of water from stomata creates a force called transpiration that pulls xylem sap upward.

Sugars produced by photosynthesis are transported as phloem sap to other parts of the plant.